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Cold Water Immersion and Ice Baths, A Review of the Studies and Scientific Evidence

Updated: 3 hours ago

ice bath cold water wim hof health evidence

Do you take an ice bath or practice cold water immersion? We are trying to stay on top of the studies - to see where the evidence points. Feel free to browse the studies below, there are links within each citation.


If you have relevant studies to add, please include them in the comments box at bottom of page.


If you would like to see our overview of the latest research on ice bathing, the pros and cons, read this article: Cold-Water Immersion, Ice Bathing and the Wim Hof Method. Health Benefits, Risks and Uncertainties.


As ever, please talk to your doctor or medical practitioner most familiar with your medical history before implementing any changes in diet, exercise or lifestyle, especially if you are under treatment.

 

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Note: meta-analyses and systematic reviews in blue.


2025


Grigg MJ, Thake CD, Allgrove JE, Broom DR. Effects of cold-water immersion on energy expenditure, ad-libitum energy intake and appetite in healthy adults. Physiol Behav. 2025 Jul 1;296:114914. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114914. Epub 2025 Apr 10. PMID: 40221072.


Betz MW, Fuchs CJ, Chedd F, Monsegue AP, Hendriks FK, van Kranenburg JMX, Goessens J, Houben AJHM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Snijders T. Post-Exercise Cooling Lowers Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Perfusion and Blunts Amino Acid Incorporation into Muscle Tissue in Active Young Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025 Apr 18. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003723. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40249909.


Cain T, Brinsley J, Bennett H, Nelson M, Maher C, Singh B. Effects of cold-water immersion on health and wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2025 Jan 29;20(1):e0317615. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317615. PMID: 39879231; PMCID: PMC11778651.


  • Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the health and wellbeing effects of cold water immersion (CWI) among 3,177 healthy adults across 11 studies. While CWI has gained popularity, most evidence to date focuses on athletes, with limited general population data. The review found a short-term increase in inflammation immediately and 1 hour after immersion, with a notable reduction in stress 12 hours later. No consistent benefits were observed for mood or immune function, although sleep quality, sickness absence, and overall wellbeing showed promise. Results varied widely due to inconsistent protocols and limited female representation. Only single-session studies were common, and many lacked long-term follow-up. Although CWI may aid stress recovery and sleep, current evidence is too limited to support broad recommendations. The review highlights the need for high-quality, long-term trials with diverse participants to better understand CWI’s effects, especially regarding dose-response, combined therapies, and safety.


2024


Batista NP, de Carvalho FA, Rodrigues CRD, Micheletti JK, Machado AF, Pastre CM. Effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion on performance and perceptive outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024 Aug;124(8):2439-2450. doi: 10.1007/s00421-024-05462-x. Epub 2024 Mar 28. PMID: 38548939; PMCID: PMC11322250.


Barwood MJ, Eglin C, Hills SP, Johnston N, Massey H, McMorris T, Tipton MJ, Wakabayashi H, Webster L. Habituation of the cold shock response: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Therm Biol. 2024 Jan;119:103775. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103775. Epub 2023 Dec 27. PMID: 38211547.


  • Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the cold shock response (CSR) during whole-body cold-water immersion (CWI), focusing on its cardiorespiratory components, the effects of repeated exposure (habituation), inter-individual variability, and underlying neural mechanisms. Initial immersion triggered rapid increases in breathing rate and heart rate, elevating drowning risk, especially in unhabituated individuals. Across studies, repeated immersions significantly reduced CSR markers—breathing rate, heart rate, and ventilation—improving behavioural control and survival chances. However, large variations between individuals were observed, influenced by factors like anxiety, water temperature, and aerobic fitness. Neurophysiological pathways underlying CSR initiation and habituation were inferred primarily from animal models, suggesting involvement of spinal lamina I neurons, brainstem regions, and cortical structures regulating interoceptive prediction. Habituation may reduce conscious discomfort, freeing up cognitive resources for behavioural survival strategies. Nonetheless, anxiety can reverse these gains. While findings support CSR habituation as a potential survival tool, more research—especially involving women and older adults—is needed to validate its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.


Almahayni O, Hammond L. Does the Wim Hof Method have a beneficial impact on physiological and psychological outcomes in healthy and non-healthy participants? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2024 Mar 13;19(3):e0286933. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286933. PMID: 38478473; PMCID: PMC10936795.


  • Summary: This first systematic review of the Wim Hof Method (WHM) suggests it may help reduce inflammation and improve stress regulation in both healthy and non-healthy individuals. However, the quality of existing studies is low, with small sample sizes and a strong male bias, limiting generalisability. While WHM shows promise—particularly in elevating interleukin-10 and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines—results must be interpreted cautiously. The method’s effects on exercise performance remain inconclusive, though anecdotal reports suggest potential benefits in physically demanding conditions. Among WHM’s three pillars—cold exposure, breathing, and meditation—only the combination of cold exposure and WHBM significantly impacted epinephrine and immune markers. Research gaps include the effects of breath retention and the independent role of each component. Methodological limitations such as high bias risk, unblinded participants, and reliance on subjective outcomes reduce confidence in current findings. More rigorous trials are needed before WHM can be confidently recommended, particularly for clinical use in inflammatory conditions.


Piñero, A., Burke, R., Augustin, F., Mohan, A. E., DeJesus, K., Sapuppo, M., Weisenthal, M., Coleman, M., Patroklos Androulakis‐Korakakis, Grgic, J., Swinton, P. A., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2024). Throwing cold water on muscle growth: A systematic review with meta‐analysis of the effects of postexercise cold water immersion on resistance training‐induced hypertrophy. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12074


  • Summary: This is the first meta-analysis to assess the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on resistance training (RT)-induced muscle hypertrophy. While CWI does not fully prevent gains, the evidence suggests it modestly blunts hypertrophic adaptations compared to RT alone. This attenuation is likely due to suppressed anabolic signalling, reduced blood flow, and blunted inflammation—all of which may dampen muscle protein synthesis. Meta-regression found no influence of training status on these effects. Limitations include small study sizes, short durations, inconsistent hypertrophy assessment methods, and underrepresentation of women and older adults. All studies applied CWI within 15 minutes post-training, and it’s unclear whether delayed or intermittent use would yield similar effects. Given the current evidence, those aiming to maximise muscle growth should avoid immediate post-RT CWI. However, athletes seeking recovery without excess muscle gain may benefit. More high-quality studies are needed to assess timing, frequency, and sex-specific effects of CWI on muscle development.


2023


Grigg MJ, Thake CD, Allgrove JE, King JA, Thackray AE, Stensel DJ, Owen A, Broom DR. Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite. 2023 Jan 1;180:106375. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106375. Epub 2022 Nov 12. PMID: 36375602.


  • Summary: This first systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and related hormones in adults. The findings suggest that energy intake tends to increase after water-based exercise compared to resting control, but not when compared to land-based exercise. Cold water further elevated post-exercise intake compared to neutral water. While hunger appears suppressed during and immediately after water-based exercise, it often rebounds higher in the hours that follow. Limited evidence from chronic studies suggests both swimming and land exercise may support modest weight loss, though more research is needed. Few studies measured appetite-regulating hormones, and most used healthy-weight male participants, limiting generalisability. Methodological gaps include inconsistent control conditions, water temperature classifications, and lack of hormonal and temperature monitoring. Future studies should explore long-term effects, include diverse populations, and examine fasted versus fed states. Overall, water-based exercise is beneficial for fitness, but may influence appetite in ways that affect energy balance.


Moore E, Fuller JT, Bellenger CR, Saunders S, Halson SL, Broatch JR, Buckley JD. Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Sports Med. 2023 Mar;53(3):687-705. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01800-1. Epub 2022 Dec 17. PMID: 36527593.


  • Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis of 52 RCTs examined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on physiological, perceptual, and performance recovery following exercise. CWI was shown to improve recovery of muscular power, particularly after high-intensity or eccentric exercise, while its effects on muscular strength were limited, especially when measured isometrically. CWI consistently reduced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and improved perceived recovery, with stronger effects observed after high-intensity exercise. It also lowered creatine kinase (CK) levels, indicating reduced muscle damage, particularly at 24–48 hours post-exercise. Dose–response relationships suggest shorter immersions at colder temperatures enhance recovery outcomes. However, CWI had minimal influence on flexibility and mixed results for endurance performance, which may depend on the type of preceding exercise. Limitations include underrepresentation of women, reliance on isometric strength testing, and potential placebo effects. Future research should explore CWI’s impact across sexes, diverse strength measures, and its influence on belief-based recovery perceptions.


Batista NP, de Carvalho FA, Machado AF, Micheletti JK, Pastre CM. What Parameters Influence the Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med. 2023 Jan 1;33(1):13-25. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001081. Epub 2022 Nov 11. PMID: 36399666.


  • Summary: This systematic review of 44 studies found that cold water immersion (CWI) is more effective than passive recovery for reducing muscle soreness. CWI showed superior immediate effects across all water temperatures and protocols, particularly after endurance exercise and when applied for short to medium durations. For delayed effects, CWI remained more effective than control following both endurance and resistance training—except when longer immersion times were used, which did not yield significant benefits. Overall, the results suggest that while the specific temperature and CWI protocol do not critically influence outcomes, shorter immersion durations are most effective.


Grgic J. Effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion on resistance training-induced gains in muscular strength: a meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023 Mar;23(3):372-380. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2033851. Epub 2022 Feb 20. PMID: 35068365.


  • Summary: This meta-analysis examined the impact of cold-water immersion (CWI) following resistance training on muscular strength gains. Ten studies involving 170 participants (92% male) were analysed. Overall, CWI modestly but significantly attenuated strength gains compared to control (effect size –0.23), particularly when applied only to the trained limbs (–0.31). However, no significant effect was found when whole-body CWI was used. These findings suggest that localised CWI may interfere with strength adaptations, while whole-body immersion does not appear to impair gains. Given this, the timing and application of CWI should be carefully considered, especially for athletes aiming to maximise strength development.


Xiao F, Kabachkova AV, Jiao L, Zhao H, Kapilevich LV. Effects of cold water immersion after exercise on fatigue recovery and exercise performance--meta analysis. Front Physiol. 2023 Jan 20;14:1006512. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1006512. PMID: 36744038; PMCID: PMC9896520.


  • Summary: This systematic review examined the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on post-exercise recovery. CWI was shown to reduce subjective fatigue measures such as muscle soreness and perceived exertion immediately after exercise, though effects were not sustained at 24 or 48 hours. Objectively, CWI lowered creatine kinase and lactate levels at 24 hours, suggesting some physiological recovery benefits, but had no effect on CRP or IL-6. CWI temporarily reduced jump performance (CMJ) immediately post-immersion, likely due to decreased muscle temperature and nerve conduction. The review found no consistent differences based on water temperature or body region immersed. However, most studies had a high or unclear risk of bias due to limited randomisation and the inability to blind participants. Future research should adopt stronger trial designs, include women and varied fitness levels, and explore optimal CWI timing and dosing. Despite some limitations, CWI appears useful for short-term fatigue recovery following exercise.


Scott MC, Fuller S. The Effects of Intermittent Cold Exposure on Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 19;25(1):46. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010046. PMID: 38203217; PMCID: PMC10778965.


Ketelhut S, Querciagrossa D, Bisang X, Metry X, Borter E, Nigg CR. The effectiveness of the Wim Hof method on cardiac autonomic function, blood pressure, arterial compliance, and different psychological parameters. Sci Rep. 2023 Oct 16;13(1):17517. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44902-0. PMID: 37845341; PMCID: PMC10579249.


Coertjens M, Coertjens PC, Tartaruga MP, Gorski T, Lima-Silva AE, Carminatti LJ, Beyer PO, de Almeida APV, Geremia JM, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Kruel LFM. Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023 Dec;123(12):2813-2831. doi: 10.1007/s00421-023-05265-6. Epub 2023 Jul 1. PMID: 37393218.


Yankouskaya A, Williamson R, Stacey C, Totman JJ, Massey H. Short-Term Head-Out Whole-Body Cold-Water Immersion Facilitates Positive Affect and Increases Interaction between Large-Scale Brain Networks. Biology (Basel). 2023 Jan 29;12(2):211. doi: 10.3390/biology12020211. PMID: 36829490; PMCID: PMC9953392.

 

Reed EL, Chapman CL, Whittman EK, Park TE, Larson EA, Kaiser BW, Comrada LN, Wiedenfeld Needham K, Halliwill JR, Minson CT. Cardiovascular and mood responses to an acute bout of cold water immersion. J Therm Biol. 2023 Dec;118:103727. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103727. Epub 2023 Oct 14. PMID: 37866096; PMCID: PMC10842018.

 

Horgan BG, Halson SL, Drinkwater EJ, West NP, Tee N, Alcock RD, Chapman DW, Haff GG. No effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season body composition and performance responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023 Feb;123(2):351-359. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-05075-2. Epub 2022 Oct 25. PMID: 36284024; PMCID: PMC9895015.


Tipton M, Eglin C. Non-freezing cold injury: A little-known big problem. Exp Physiol. 2023 Mar;108(3):329-330. doi: 10.1113/EP091139. Epub 2023 Feb 20. PMID: 36807674; PMCID: PMC10103876.


2022


Moore E, Fuller JT, Buckley JD, Saunders S, Halson SL, Broatch JR, Bellenger CR. Impact of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Passive Recovery Following a Single Bout of Strenuous Exercise on Athletic Performance in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sports Med. 2022 Jul;52(7):1667-1688. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01644-9. Epub 2022 Feb 14. PMID: 35157264; PMCID: PMC9213381.


Choo HC, Lee M, Yeo V, Poon W, Ihsan M. The effect of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance revisited: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2022 Dec;40(23):2608-2638. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2178872. Epub 2023 Mar 2. PMID: 36862831.


Esperland D, de Weerd L, Mercer JB. Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water - a continuing subject of debate. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2022 Dec;81(1):2111789. doi: 10.1080/22423982.2022.2111789. PMID: 36137565; PMCID: PMC9518606.

 

Faid T, Van Gordon W, Taylor EC. Breathing Exercises, Cold-Water Immersion, and Meditation: Mind-Body Practices Lead to Reduced Stress and Enhanced Well-Being. Adv Mind Body Med. 2022 Summer;36(3):12-20. PMID: 36308505.


Chaillou T, Treigyte V, Mosely S, Brazaitis M, Venckunas T, Cheng AJ. Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise. Sports Med Open. 2022 Mar 7;8(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00428-9. PMID: 35254558; PMCID: PMC8901468.


Esperland D, de Weerd L, Mercer JB. Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water - a continuing subject of debate. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2022 Dec;81(1):2111789. doi: 10.1080/22423982.2022.2111789. PMID: 36137565; PMCID: PMC9518606.



Zhang W, Ren S, Zheng X. Effect of 3 min whole-body and lower limb cold water immersion on subsequent performance of agility, sprint, and intermittent endurance exercise. Front Physiol. 2022 Oct 10;13:981773. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981773. PMID: 36299255; PMCID: PMC9589280.


2021

 

Malta ES, Dutra YM, Broatch JR, Bishop DJ, Zagatto AM. The Effects of Regular Cold-Water Immersion Use on Training-Induced Changes in Strength and Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2021 Jan;51(1):161-174. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01362-0. PMID: 33146851.


Bartley JM, Stearns RL, Muñoz CX, Nolan JK, Radom-Aizik S, Maresh CM, Casa DJ, Zaldivar FP, Haddad F, Ganio M, Lee EC. Effects of cold water immersion on circulating inflammatory markers at the Kona Ironman World Championship. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021 Jul;46(7):719-726. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0602. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33507839.


Demori I, Piccinno T, Saverino D, Luzzo E, Ottoboni S, Serpico D, Chiera M, Giuria R. Effects of winter sea bathing on psychoneuroendocrinoimmunological parameters. Explore (NY). 2021 Mar-Apr;17(2):122-126. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.02.004. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32224255.


Milda Eimonte, Henrikas Paulauskas, Laura Daniuseviciute, Nerijus Eimantas, Astra Vitkauskiene, Gintare Dauksaite, Rima Solianik & Marius Brazaitis (2021) Residual effects of short-term whole-body cold-water immersion on the cytokine profile, white blood cell count, and blood markers of stress, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 38:1, 696-707, DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1915504


Chauvineau M, Pasquier F, Guyot V, Aloulou A, Nedelec M. Effect of the Depth of Cold Water Immersion on Sleep Architecture and Recovery Among Well-Trained Male Endurance Runners. Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Mar 31;3:659990. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.659990. PMID: 33870188; PMCID: PMC8044518.

 

Ihsan M, Abbiss CR, Allan R. Adaptations to Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion: Friend, Foe, or Futile? Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Jul 16;3:714148. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.714148. PMID: 34337408; PMCID: PMC8322530.

 

Petersen AC, Fyfe JJ. Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Training and the Underlying Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review. Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Apr 8;3:660291. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.660291. PMID: 33898988; PMCID: PMC8060572.

 

Poppendieck W, Wegmann M, Hecksteden A, Darup A, Schimpchen J, Skorski S, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Pfeiffer M, Meyer T. Does Cold-Water Immersion After Strength Training Attenuate Training Adaptation? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021 Feb 1;16(2):304-310. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0965. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33217726.


2020


Peake JM, Markworth JF, Cumming KT, Aas SN, Roberts LA, Raastad T, Cameron-Smith D, Figueiredo VC. The Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Molecular Factors That Regulate Growth and Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle After Resistance Exercise. Front Physiol. 2020 Jun 30;11:737. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00737. PMID: 32695024; PMCID: PMC7339943.


Fuchs CJ, Kouw IWK, Churchward-Venne TA, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, Lichtenbelt WDVM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes. J Physiol. 2020 Feb;598(4):755-772. doi: 10.1113/JP278996. Epub 2019 Dec 29. PMID: 31788800; PMCID: PMC7028023.


Knechtle B, Waśkiewicz Z, Sousa CV, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT. Cold Water Swimming-Benefits and Risks: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec 2;17(23):8984. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17238984. PMID: 33276648; PMCID: PMC7730683.


2019


de Freitas VH, Ramos SP, Bara-Filho MG, Freitas DGS, Coimbra DR, Cecchini R, Guarnier FA, Nakamura FY. Effect of Cold Water Immersion Performed on Successive Days on Physical Performance, Muscle Damage, and Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2019 Feb;33(2):502-513. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001884. PMID: 28277426.

 

Fyfe JJ, Broatch JR, Trewin AJ, Hanson ED, Argus CK, Garnham AP, Halson SL, Polman RC, Bishop DJ, Petersen AC. Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2019 Nov 1;127(5):1403-1418. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2019. Epub 2019 Sep 12. PMID: 31513450.


Farstad DJ, Dunn JA. Cold Water Immersion Syndrome and Whitewater Recreation Fatalities. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Sep;30(3):321-327. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.03.005. Epub 2019 Jun 6. PMID: 31178366.


Ahokas EK, Ihalainen JK, Kyröläinen H, Mero AA. Effects of Water Immersion Methods on Postexercise Recovery of Physical and Mental Performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2019 Jun;33(6):1488-1495. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003134. PMID: 31008862.


2018



2017


Higgins TR, Greene DA, Baker MK. Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy for Recovery From Team Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 May;31(5):1443-1460. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001559. PMID: 27398915.


Peake JM, Roberts LA, Figueiredo VC, Egner I, Krog S, Aas SN, Suzuki K, Markworth JF, Coombes JS, Cameron-Smith D, Raastad T. The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. J Physiol. 2017 Feb 1;595(3):695-711. doi: 10.1113/JP272881. Epub 2016 Nov 13. PMID: 27704555; PMCID: PMC5285720.


Stephens JM, Halson S, Miller J, Slater GJ, Askew CD. Cold-Water Immersion for Athletic Recovery: One Size Does Not Fit All. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Jan;12(1):2-9. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0095. Epub 2016 Aug 24. PMID: 27294485.


Tipton MJ, Collier N, Massey H, Corbett J, Harper M. Cold water immersion: kill or cure? Exp Physiol. 2017 Nov 1;102(11):1335-1355. doi: 10.1113/EP086283. Epub 2017 Sep 21. PMID: 28833689.


2016

 

Ihsan M, Watson G, Abbiss CR. What are the Physiological Mechanisms for Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion in the Recovery from Prolonged Endurance and Intermittent Exercise? Sports Med. 2016 Aug;46(8):1095-109. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0483-3. PMID: 26888646.


Buijze GA, Sierevelt IN, van der Heijden BC, Dijkgraaf MG, Frings-Dresen MH. The Effect of Cold Showering on Health and Work: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 15;11(9):e0161749. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161749. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2018 Aug 2;13(8):e0201978. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201978. PMID: 27631616; PMCID: PMC5025014.


2015


Castellani JW, Tipton MJ. Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance. Compr Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;6(1):443-69. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140081. PMID: 26756639.


Roberts LA, Raastad T, Markworth JF, Figueiredo VC, Egner IM, Shield A, Cameron-Smith D, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. J Physiol. 2015 Sep 15;593(18):4285-301. doi: 10.1113/JP270570. Epub 2015 Aug 13. PMID: 26174323; PMCID: PMC4594298.

 

Roberts LA, Muthalib M, Stanley J, Lichtwark G, Nosaka K, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Aug 15;309(4):R389-98. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00151.2015. Epub 2015 Jun 10. PMID: 26062633.


 


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